This paper reviews different approaches on the nexus of environmental commitments and trade. It compares environmental-oriented control mechanisms like the Kyoto Protocol with trade-type control mechanisms such as Trade- Related Investment Measures (TRIMS). The pros and cons of the two approaches are compared, focusing on such issues as impact under conditions of scarcity, increased poverty, loss of livelihoods, corruption, and implementation. A lull in interest has been brought in environmental issues through its effects on foreign trade and investment.

There is widespread concern that environmentalism might pose a threat to the liberal multilateral trading system - on which the future of small open economies and Southern Africa generally continues heavily to depend. The paper concludes that it would be opportune for Southern African countries to jointly seek to have some influence in developments in the GATT/World Trade Organisation's Committee on Trade and Environment.